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Research Article
Bayesian Spatial Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Low Birth Weight in Nigeria
Oladayo Olarinre Avwerhota,
Michael Avwerhota*
,
Ebenezer Obi Daniel,
Taiwo Aderemi Popoola,
Israel Olukayode Popoola,
Adebanke Adetutu Ogun,
Ahmed Mamuda Bello,
Michael Olabode Tomori,
Aisha Oluwakemi Salami,
Celestine Emeka Ekwuluo,
Olukayode Oladeji Alewi,
Aremu Bukola Janet
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
40-50
Received:
26 July 2024
Accepted:
16 August 2024
Published:
30 August 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.jfmhc.20241003.11
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Abstract: Low birth weight (LBW), defined by the World Health Organization as a birth weight of less than 2.5 kilograms, is a major public health concern with significant implications for neonatal morbidity, mortality, and long-term health outcomes. LBW prevalence is particularly high in developing countries, contributing to substantial healthcare challenges and socio-economic burdens. This study examines the determinants of LBW in Nigeria, focusing on socio-demographic, economic, and health-related factors. This cross-sectional study utilizes data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). A stratified two-stage cluster sampling method was employed, and data were collected through structured interviews. The analysis included socio-demographic characteristics, economic status, health factors, and birth weights, which were classified into LBW and normal birth weight categories. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent ensured participant confidentiality. The analysis revealed significant associations between LBW and several factors. Higher maternal education levels were linked to lower odds of LBW. Religious affiliation also impacted LBW, with Muslim mothers having a lower likelihood of LBW compared to Christian mothers. Ethnicity influenced LBW outcomes, with Igbo mothers showing higher odds of LBW compared to Yoruba mothers. Economic stability and urban residency were associated with reduced LBW risk. Health factors such as maternal BMI and frequent antenatal visits were protective against LBW. Geographic disparities indicated higher risks in northern Nigeria. The study underscores the multifactorial nature of LBW, highlighting the importance of maternal education, socio-economic support, and healthcare access. Tailored interventions addressing ethnic and religious contexts, along with region-specific strategies, are essential. The Bayesian STAR model's superior performance suggests that spatial and non-parametric considerations provide deeper insights into LBW risk factors. Comprehensive, multifaceted strategies and policies are needed to address the determinants of LBW, focusing on vulnerable populations and regional disparities.
Abstract: Low birth weight (LBW), defined by the World Health Organization as a birth weight of less than 2.5 kilograms, is a major public health concern with significant implications for neonatal morbidity, mortality, and long-term health outcomes. LBW prevalence is particularly high in developing countries, contributing to substantial healthcare challenges...
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Research Article
Factors Influencing the Practices and Adherence of Isoniazid Prophylactic Therapy Among Under 5 Years Children in Tb Referral Units, Peshawar
Bakht Beland*,
Sher Bahadur,
Inayatullah,
Aqsa Khan,
Munawar Khan
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
51-59
Received:
6 September 2023
Accepted:
4 October 2023
Published:
6 September 2024
Abstract: Importance: The under 5 years children of house hold contact with active tuberculosis cases is one of the main cause for the transmission of TB in pediatrics population, responsible for many complications and childhood mortality. Objective: To determine the factors influencing the practice and adherence of Isoniazid Prophylactic Therapy (IPT) among under 5 years children of house hold with cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Design: The study’s design was cross sectional. Setting: This study was conducted in TB referral units of the National Tuberculosis Control Program in Peshawar City. Participants: The study participants included patients with sputum-positive pulmonary TB having at least one under-5 years’ child in their household. Secondly, the doctors who were directly dealing with TB patients for diagnosis and treatments in referral units of the respective hospitals. Results: Most of the patients reported that doctors neither got some information about the under-5 years' children at their family nor to bring them for TB screening. Just 13.2% patients (36 out of 273) conceded that doctors mentioned them for prophylactic treatment with Isoniazid (INH) medication for their contact positive under-5years children. But only 4 of these 36 patients [(11.11%) 1.46%of the aggregate] completed the IPT course for their under-5 year children for 6 months duration. (Table 2) All the doctors claimed that they got information about the presence of under five years household contact in the family of TB patients. While the majority of the doctors/physicians (80%) had recognized that they neither requested the patients for screening from their family contact nor to give INH medication for their prophylaxis. This study showed that the practice of IPT was 13.2% and the adherence rate was just 11.11%, and the main factors for this poor result were poor healthcare system, lack of awareness, financial constraint and attitude of the patients. Conclusion: This study concludes that the extremely poor practice and adherence to isoniazid prophylactic therapy by doctors and patients in TB referral units in Peshawar city for under-5-year-old children of households with active tuberculosis patients was primarily caused by a lack of awareness, financial constraints, patient attitudes, and an inefficient healthcare system.
Abstract: Importance: The under 5 years children of house hold contact with active tuberculosis cases is one of the main cause for the transmission of TB in pediatrics population, responsible for many complications and childhood mortality. Objective: To determine the factors influencing the practice and adherence of Isoniazid Prophylactic Therapy (IPT) among...
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Research Article
Adherence of Doctors to Diabetes Clinical Guidelines in Sudan
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
60-66
Received:
2 August 2024
Accepted:
3 September 2024
Published:
26 September 2024
Abstract: Background: Adherence to the clinical guidelines improves patients’ outcome by providing evidence-based care. This study aimed to assess adherence of doctors to diabetes clinical guidelines in Sudan. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to April 2023 on a purposive convenience sample of 465 doctors. Doctors’ adherence to diabetes guidelines was measured through an online questionnaire. Data was analyzed using frequency tables. The Chi square test used to determine associations between categorized variables. All statistical tests were considered statistically significant when p value < 0.05. Results: Of the 465 respondents, 76.8% were familiar with diabetes clinical guidelines, 72.7% of them implement guidelines recommendations, but only 46.5% were following the updated guideline recommendations. Only 44.5% of the surveyed doctors were aware of the local Sudanese diabetes guidelines. lack of regular training programs (17.9%), service cost (16.0%) and patients factors (15.6%) were the most common barriers to the guideline implementation. The adherence rate was positively associated with the job title, p value = 0.001. Conclusion: The study indicated low implementation to the updated diabetes guidelines among Sudanese doctors. To improve guidelines adherence, the study recommends launching training programs and continuous doctors’ assessment, along with issuing regulations and policies to ensure the use of the updated guidelines. The national guidelines need be well disseminated and regularly updated. Regular clinical audit and establishing the clinical governance are required to improve guidelines implementation in Sudan.
Abstract: Background: Adherence to the clinical guidelines improves patients’ outcome by providing evidence-based care. This study aimed to assess adherence of doctors to diabetes clinical guidelines in Sudan. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to April 2023 on a purposive convenience sample of 465 doctors. Doctors’ ...
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Review Article
Analysis of Midlife Approaches to Reduce the Risk Factors of Dementia Among Adults in the United Kingdom
Kehinde Francisca Ayandeyi*,
Sabita Shaha,
Marcus Chilaka
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
67-84
Received:
25 June 2024
Accepted:
13 August 2024
Published:
29 September 2024
Abstract: Dementia is an illness of the brain in which there is deterioration in a person's cognitive abilities. This interferes with one's ability to carry out everyday tasks and maintain social autonomy by adversely affecting memory, behavior, reasoning, and social capacities. The study reviewed the epidemiological literature on dementia and its risk factors as well as the several midlife strategies for lowering the risk of dementia. This is with a view to explore the midlife strategies in lowering the risk factors of dementia among adults in the United Kingdom. The study adopted reviews of literature carried out systematically. The specifications described in the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)” were followed in reviewing the literature to ensure a comprehensive and transparent methodology. Literature search was conducted systematically in scientific databases to identify empirical studies that are pertinent. The comprehensive search strategy aimed to retrieve as many relevant studies as possible within the scope of the review. It employed a combination of keywords related to dementia risk factors, behavioral and psychological impacts, older people, and the UK context. The search terms were adapted to fit the specific requirements of each database, ensuring optimal retrieval of relevant literature. In total, 16 publications were included in the study after the eligibility of these articles was verified. By leveraging the potential advantages of internet-based, individualised health prevention measures, both the general public and primary care providers become more aware of dementia as well as help to solve the issue. Dementia and various cognitive impairments have been repeatedly associated to high blood pressure. Recent findings support the idea that decreasing blood pressure in middle age is an important strategy for preventing dementia in old age. Education has a protective impact and that the majority of previously investigated risk factors including physical inactivity, diabetes, air pollution, hearing loss, hypertension, obesity, social isolation, depression, and smoking increase the incidence of dementia. People who adhered to the MedDiet the best had a 23% reduced risk of dementia than those who adhered the least. The study concluded that significant modifiable risk variables, particularly socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, were more strongly associated with dementia and contributed to higher attributable fractions of dementia cases.
Abstract: Dementia is an illness of the brain in which there is deterioration in a person's cognitive abilities. This interferes with one's ability to carry out everyday tasks and maintain social autonomy by adversely affecting memory, behavior, reasoning, and social capacities. The study reviewed the epidemiological literature on dementia and its risk facto...
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